The
Physiology of Transport Substances in the Blood (Sodium)
By Professor Marcel Uluitu, M.D. Ph.D.
Co-Authored by Diana Popa (Uluitu), M.D.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology
and Molecular Genetics
[Editor’s Note: This paper is presented as the Sixth and
final installment of a series of chapters from the new book
“The Physiology of Transport Substances in the Blood (Sodium)”; preceeding
chapters were featured in recent past issues of this Journal. This final
segment features the Summary and Bibliography]
Summary
The understanding of any phenomenon requires its
quantification and of the factors involved. To this must be added the
observance of the conditions under which the process takes place.
During the study there has been mentioned the complexity of the chemical
composition of blood and its heterogenous character.
Substances in the blood are permanently in interaction
between them.The intensity of interactions is variable, generally with small
energy. Interactions take place between "transported" and
"transporter" substances, which define the terms of some blood
components.
Stress is laid on the role of physico-chemical links
between components, mainly by emphasizing the mechanisms involving inorganic
ions, including Na, menţioned at large. These interactions especialy
maintain under control free active forms of the substance transported, by
virtue of the law mass action.
For defining the conditions in which the sodium is,
this study achieves a brief overview of a partitioning of the body into three
compartments, which however differentiated, have identical interaction
processes between their constituents. Vascular, matricial and endocelular
compartments thus presented here - even if to various extents - are present in
all tissues, systems, organs of the living pluricellular organisms. Chemical
processes, physical-chemical, physical and biochemical processes taking place in
living organisms conduct the development underlying the fundamental processes
of life and physiological mechanisms. The mentioned processes may be subject of
such a thorough analysis to enable their integration in the pursuit of physiological and
pathological functions. Until now , investigating the
possibilities of the processes in which
Na+ is involved , are burdened by the lack of a method for determining the
cation, in the
biological-biochemical environment,
mainly in the blood. The methods used have mainly dosed the anorganicised Na,
the organic compounds being
removed by chemical or physical means. Understanding the role of
sodium in the organization and function of beings needs ,
besides the elementary analysis of
cation, also the understanding of the
interactions with other anionic structure and how they affect the chemical
activity of Na+ . In the monography , there
is presented the method of determining
the chemical activity of Na+. The method shows the advantage of
using reagents that are natural components of blood and require small amounts
of biological product. The referencial system is represented by serotonin and heparin polianion which
interact with a very low energy .The cations which have higher affinity for
anionic sites of the heparin break up or
antagonise the interaction between serotonin and polianion heparin. Sodium in
an aqueous solution of NaCl is very active to the serotonin – heparin group , in very
small quantities, under those existing in the blood. Na, which is in interaction
with other anions, present in solution, is inactive to the reference group, either by decreasing
energy interaction, or by decreasing the available quantity. The monography
presentes graphs and tables illustrating the method and others that show that
in humans and rats, sodium blood serum is inactive on the reference system
serotonin-heparin ,
because of its interaction with serum protein. Denaturing them is followed by
increase of Na+ and by its ionic activation.
The lack of chemical activity of Na+ (95%
of total serum cations) both in humans and in rats ,
is compatible with the normal excitability level determined by EEG, mental functions, keeping
cardio-circulatory homeostasis to change posture in humans, calm response to
auditory stimulation, activity ECG (electrocorticography), normal activity
through automatic processing, electrolyte balance within normal limits ,
recorded under normal behavior in rats.
In normal human collectivities and in Wistar rats
there are detected some individuals with increased excitability , in which
there was also detected an increased
chemical activity of Na. Human subjects have been checked thoroughly to
identify and select those with general or psychiatric illnesses, which have
formed separate groups. The same parameters were used for the study of
excitability as in the case of subjects with absent Na+ chemical
activity. It was found out that Na+
transport in the ionic active chemical state is accompanied by disturbances of
cerebral excitability.
In humans there have been noticed : (1) constitutional type behavior
disturbances , even some of clinical intensity (2) difficulty in installation
of the rhythm of rest closing eyes (3) disturbances of concentrated attention
and enabling of distributive ones ( 4) adjustment disorders, cardio-circulatory
function at the passing to ortostatism expressed in minutes 6-10 from changing
posture , through decrease of diastolic blood pressure, as a result of the
deficit of humoral adjustment of the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-sodium system.
In rats in which Na is transported in ionic form there
is noticed: (1) tonus convulsions at auditory stimulation, (2) hypermotricity
during free behavior, (3) disturbances of metabolic balance of Na (preference for saline solution ,
removal of excessive Na through the kidneys), (4) minralocorticoid system
showing a deficit in adult age, with reverse evolution as to the normoexcitable
animal at old age.
Therefore, disturbed excitability exists in both
species, in subjects
where the Na+ transport is
made in ionic state, without interaction with the proteins.The monography notes
the absence of functional disturbances in both non excitable and autoexcitable
structures correlated with mechanism of Na transport in the blood.
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Professor Marcel Uluitu, M.D. Ph.D. began his
scientific activity in Physiology in 1953 at the
Professor Uluitu has also investigated
cerebral tissue excitability, studying the structure modification of the
protein macromolecules, and the physiological and pathopysiological processes
in which are involved Sodium and Lithium. He implemented an original method for
physical and chemical processes which involve the chemic active sodium, in
normal processes and in the cerebral excitability dysfunctions, in human and in
experimental model (animal). These results of this work gave him the chance to
outline the chapter herein relating to the physiology of substances transport
in the blood. This is based on the physical and chemical interaction between
blood components.
His papers are included in the
collections of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National
Institute of Health. He is a member of the
Dr. Diana Popa (Uluitu) is a
researcher in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics
at the
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