Stereochemistry Cis-Trans Asymmetrical Compounds

Axis-Ring Molecular Aggregates[1]

 

by Dr. Randolph Riemschneider, L.B.Fel.

Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Chemistry

Berlin, Germany

 

Here the author presents two projects from the field of stereochemistry named in the title. Both were realized in the 50s to early 60s, though only the results of the cis-trans asymmetry were published in detail at the time. Reports on synthesized axis-ring molecular aggregates were solely in lectures and a patent application. -- The editors.

 

 

We speak of cis-trans asymmetry in the case of a so-called asymmetric     C-atom if two of its four different substitutents are geometrically isomeric, but symmetric: Fig. 1. In 1955 - 64, it proved possible to realize several such cases where geometrical and optical isomerism coincided: Pl 1.

 

Fig.1:

cis-trans-asymmetric compounds               

 

 

 

The synthesis of several axis-ring molecular aggregates, ie "compounds"  without  a stable bond between "axis" and "ring" (Fig 2) is described, first carried out in 1953 - 64: Pl 2. Applications are discussed, equally the reasons for deferring publication of the early results.

 

Fig.2:

diagrammatic representation of axis-ring

molecular aggregates:

type I and II ("semi-dumbbell","dumbbell")[2] 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plate 1: Synthesized cis-trans asymmetric compounds: I, IV, IX, XII

 

 

Plate 2: Axis-ring molecular aggregates XIX, XII, XXIV and V

 

 

 

 

 

                 XIX, XII, XXIV realized (Pl 7 - 9), but not V (Pl 10)
I          cis-trans asymmetric compounds

 

The following pathways were taken to synthesize the compounds characterized in Fig. 1:

 

1)         cis-trans double bonds were produced by partial hydrogenation in a system of type:

 

Example 1 (Pl 3)

 

2)         “Aufhänger” - “Anhänger” principle (hanger-pendant principle):

                       

                                                                  “Aufhänger”           

 

“Aufhänger” A and B were converted according to the so-called hanger-pendant principle. In the case of A in stages via monoacidchloride with cis- and trans-1,4-diamino-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid and in the case of B in stages with cis-trans-cinnamic acid chlorides: Examples 2 - 4, Pl 4 - 6.

 

In all cases, care had to be taken from the outset that the synthesized compounds were projected in such a way that they permitted splitting into dextro and laevo components, so as to detect the expected optical activity.

 

The four synthesized cis-trans asymmetrical compounds are listed in Pl 1, details in Pl 3 - 6 with keys; cf. also III Appendix.

 

Example 1:

1-(cis-β-styryl)-1-(trans-β-styryl)-3-piperidino-propan-1-ol [cis-trans-I] (2a, b): Pl 3

 

The reasons for selecting Example 1 are:

1)         The geometrically isomeric ligands are in maximum proximity to the centre of asymmetry (requirement of “Entfernungssatz”)

2)         Optical activity by reason of steric hinderance is impossible, as    observations of space-filling models (STUART and STUART-BRIEGLEB) show

3)         Optically active phenyl and vinyl carbinols with considerable amounts of rotation, as described in the literature, led us to expect “sufficient” rotations for styryl carbinols

 

 

Plate 3:

Synthesizing 1-(cis-β-styryl)-1-(trans-β-styryl)-3-piperidino-propan-1-ol

[cis-trans-I]

 

 

Key to Pl 3:

trans-benzalacetone was converted in a MANNICH reaction with formaldehyde and piperidine hydrochloride to 1-phenyl-5-piperidino-trans-pent-1-ene-3-on (II) to synthesize I. Phenylethinyl-magnesium bromide reacts with the ketone II to 1-phenyl-ethinyl-1-trans-β-styryl-3-piperidino-propan-1-ol (III) from m p 96^oC and is split into the optical antipodes with (-)-dibenzoyl tartaric acid by fractional crystallization of the salts. Finally, the triple bond of both antipodes is selectively hydrogenated with a LINDLAR catalyst to the cis double bond; cf Appendix

 

 

 

 

 

Example 2:

Ethyl phenyl-malonic acid-cis-(4-carboxy-cyclohexyl)-trans-(4-carboxy-cyclohexyl)-amide [cis-trans-IV] (3, 4): Pl 4

 

 

 

 

 

 

Key to Pl 4:

 

The monochloride obtained by boiling ethyl-phenyl-malonic acid and SOCl₂ in    diethyl ether for 12 hrs was converted with cis-4-amino-cyclohexan-carboxylic acid-diethyl ether (cis-V) in the presence of triethylamine in CHCl₃ at 0^oC to       racemic ethylphenyl-malonicacid-mono-(cis-4-carbethoxy-cyclohexylamide) (cis-VI). The antipodes from racemic cis-VI were seperated using their quinine salts in ethyl acetate, from which (-)-cis-VI and (+)-cis-VI were obtained.

 

When acted on by p-nitrophenol and N,N-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide, the latter compounds yielded the corresponding cis-VII-cyclohexlamide-p-nitrophenyl-esters, which were converted with trans-4-amino-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid diethyl  ester (trans-V) into (-)-ethyl-phenyl-malonic acid-cis-(4-carboxy-cyclohexyl)-trans-(4-carboxy-cyclohexyl)-amide; (-)-cis-trans-IV from mp 115 - 116^oC and  [M] - 5.6°; [α] - 1,1^o (α: -0.11^o; c = 0.595g in   10 ml CHCl₃; 2 dm) and into (+)-ethyl-phenyl-malonicacid-cis-(4-carboxy-cyclohexyl)-trans-(4-carboxy-cyclohexyl)-amide (+)-cis-trans-IV from mp 114 - 116^oC [M] + 6.7^o; [α] + 1.3^o (α = 0.13^o; c = 0.500 g in    10 ml CHCl₃;  2 dm).

 

cf.: III. 2   Experimental Part to example 2 and explanation in plate 12

 

Symmetric, optically inactive cis-cis-IV was formed analogously from (+)-cis-VI and (-)-cis VI with cis-4-amino-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid diethyl ester.

 

The in comparison with the racemic form significantly higher mp of the optical antipodes of cis-trans-diamide, whose mixed melting point was over 20^o lower, was noteworthy, and further underpins our findings. Racemic cis-trans-IV mp 79 - 81^oC. It was obtained from racemic trans-monoamide (trans-VI) and cis-V and from racemic cis-VI and trans-V. Mixed mp of both racemic cis-trans-IV preparations:  78 - 80^oC. Further details and confirmational formulas for IV and precursors in   Appendix.

 

Example 3:

 

1-(cis-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino-3-(trans-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino)-2-methyl-2-n-propyl-propane [cis-trans-IX] (5, 6): Pl 5 a, b

 

Plate 5a: Synthesizing 1-(cis-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino-3-(trans-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino)-2-methyl-2-n-propyl-propane (cis-trans-IX)

 

 

Plate 5b: Seperating racemate 3-(cis-α-phenyl-cinnamoyl-amino)-2-methyl-2-n-propyl-proylamine (cis-VIII) from Pl 5a

 

 

 

Key to Pl 5a, b

 

The reactions of cis- and trans-phenyl-cinnamic acid-chloride (cis-VII and trans-VII) with 3-methyl-2-n-propyl-1,3-diamino-propane into the 3-(trans-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino)-2-methyl-2-n-propylpropyl-amine-Isomers: (trans-VIII) and 3-(cis-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino)-2-methyl-2-n-propyl-propylamine (cis-VIII) as well as their reactions with cis- and trans-VIII into cis-trans-IX are presented in Pl 5a.

The reaction of cis-VIII with tartaric acid for resolution into the antipodes (-)-cis-VIII and (+)-cis-VIII as well as their reactions with cis-trans-IX, cis-cis-IX and trans-trans-IX are formulated in Pl 5b.

 

Classification as cis- or trans- was done by comparing the UV spectra of trans-trans-IX, cis-trans-IX and cis-cis-IX (maxima: 280 mμ; 284 mμ) with those of cis and trans stilbenes (maxima: 280 mμ; 295 mμ), but bearing in mind that the trans-phenyl-cinnamic acid (configuration: trans position of carboxyl group to β-phenyl group) corresponds to the cis stilbene and the cis acid to the trans stilbene.

 

In our case too, the wavelength of the peak of the compound with trans stilbene structure is longer than that of the compound with a cis stilbene structure, whilst that of the cis-trans compound is between both, ie classification by spectrascopy squares with the course of the synthesis.

 

 

Key to Pl 6:

 

1,3-diamino-2-phenyl-propane (X) was converted with cis- and trans-α-phenyl-cinnamic acid chloride (cis- and trans-VII) analogously to the process described for 1,3-diamino-propane (140). The noncrystallizing monoacyl compounds (cis- and trans-XI) were characterized as hydrogenoxalates.

 

Work was continued on the hydrogenoxalate of 2-phenyl-3-(trans-α-phenyl- cinnamoylamino)-propylamine (trans-XI-hydrogenoxalate). The base precipitated from it by KOH was converted with (+)-tartaric acid. It was possible to seperate the diastereomeric salts by means of their differing solubilities in hot isopropanol and further purify them by subsequent repeated crystallization from methyl and ethanyl alcohol. The optically active monoacyl derivatives (+)-trans-XI and  (-)-trans-XI liberated from the salts by KOH were brought to reaction with cis-VII, forming two cis-trans-substituted optically active compounds, namely (+)-cis-trans-XII and (-)-cis-trans-XII. On the other hand, when the two optically active trans-XI isomers were converted with trans-VII, we obtained - as was to be expected - optically inactive trans-trans-XII preparations that were identical with each other and with authentic 1,3-bis-(trans-α-phenylcinnamoyl-amino)-2-phenylpropane. This result also proves the identity of the two optically active trans-XI isomers.

 

The individual reactions, melting points and specific rotations of the optically    active compounds are given in this plate (Pl 6).

 

Example 4:

 

1-(cis-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino)-3-(trans-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino)-2-phenyl-propane [cis-trans-XII] (7, 8): Pl 6

 

Plate 6:

Resolution of racemates from 2-phenyl-3-(trans-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino)-propylamine (trans-XI) and synthesis of 1-(cis-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino)-3-(trans-α-phenyl-cinnamoylamino)-2-phenyl-propane (cis-trans-XII)

 

 

 

 

II         Axis-ring molecular agggregates

 

The author explored the question of axis-ring molecular aggregates       outlined in Fig.2 in a series of lectures, round-table talks and discussions  from 1943 on [overview in references (9, 10)] and pointed out ways of    synthesizing such "compounds". In personal talks, Profs Richard Kuhn and Lüttringhaus encouraged him to realize projects like the one stated, i.e. (9g,1)

 

 

II.1 Recovery and analytical chemistry

 

Four pathsways were taken to synthesize such molecular aggregates in 1953 - 58, as shown in Pl 7 - 10. It proved possible to realize three of the four desired end products (Pl 2), viz the aggregates XIX, XII and XXIV; it was not possible to obtain aggregate V (Pl 10): Pathway I.

The type-II molecular aggregates synthesized (Fig 2) were:

 

XIX:   Dipeptide from trans-cinnamic acid, δ-amino-valeric acid and naphthylamine, ringed with cyclodextrin (Pl 7): Pathway II

XII:    Dipeptide from ferrocenyl acrylic acid, δ-amino-valeric acid   and closing amine, ringed with cyclodextrin (Pl 8): Pathway III

XXIV: Dipeptide from cyclopentadienyl-manganese-tricarbonyl-acrylic acid, δ-amino-valeric acid und closing amine, ringed with cyclodextrin     (Pl 9): Pathway IV

 

The elucidation of the iodine colour reaction and inclusion compounds by  F Cramer et al [Ber dtsch chem Ges 83 296 (1950), 86 1576, 1582 (1953)] in the 50s suggested considering cylodextrins as ring systems – in fact, as our own experiments showed - above all the β-2,6- and γ-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrins (12, 14, 11).

The pathway first taken (Pl 10), using diallyl glycolether as the axis and closing it by reaction with hexachlorocyclopentadiene, forming hexachlorobicycloheptene systems (15), did lead to stringing a cyclodextrin ring  together to the "semi-dumbbell" IV (Pl 10) but not to the end product      desired: "dumbbell" V, as the reaction temperature required for adding the second hexachlorocyclopentadiene molecule caused decomplexation.

 

The pathways II–IV presented in Pl 7 - 9 were positive, where peptide closed on one side was ringed and then closed with a differently         structured component to become a "cyclodextrin-dipeptide dumbbell".

 

Plate 7: Synthesizing the axis-ring molecular aggregate XIX: Pathway II

 

 

III       = trans-cinnamic acid

XIV    = σ-amino-valeric acid

XV      = peptide from XIII and XIV

XVI    = "dumbbell" from XV and closing amine XVII

XVII   = closing amine

XVIII = inclusion compound from "semi-dumbbell" XV and β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin

XIX    = axis-ring molecular aggregate ("dumbbell") from XVIII and closing amine XVII

 

β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin represented in XVIII and XIX

 

 by                  

 

 

 

Fig 3:

Diagrammatic representation of "semi-dumbbell" molecular aggregate XVIII with β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin (Pl 7)

 

                                              

 

Cyclodextrin is represented differently in Pl 7, which predates this diagram (fig 3)

 

 

 

 

 

Plate 8:

Synthesizing the “axis-ring” molecular aggregate XII: Pathway III

 

Plate 9:

Synthesizing the “axis-ring” molecular aggregate XXIV: Pathway IV

 

 

 

 

Key to Pl 7 - 9:

 

Reaction of "semi-dumbbell" compound XV with β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin to XVIII [type I compound] (Fig 2): A suspension of 0.01 mol XV (Pl 7) in 75 ml tetrahydrofuran (THF) is treated with agitation with 0.01 mol β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclo-dextrin. Product XVIII obtained the next day after destilling off the solvent in     vacuo is dried at 40^oC.

                                   C₇₀H₁₁₅O₃₈N   (XV : cyclodextrin = 1:1)

                                   C         calc      59.7%             found 60.0%

                                   H         calc      7.29%             found 7.1%

                                   N         calc      0.9%               found 0.8%

 

TLC: R_t value of XVIII at 0.15; of cyclodextrin: 0.63. - Merck TLC-plates

IR:       1712 (C=O), 1650, 1528 amide bands; 1609: (C=C)

3280 - 3550: OH bands of β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin

according to labreports; synthesis of XV described in (13)

 

Synthesizing the"axis-ring" molecular aggregate XIX (Pl 7) [working with 0.001 mol quantities (1:1:1:1)]:  ClCOOC₂H₅ is laced into the solution of XVIII from the above experiment and triethylamine in 100 ml THF at -20^oC and caused to react after several hours of agitation with β-naphthylamine (or other bulky amines).

After 48 hrs of agitation, processed to XIX by destilling off the solvent in vacuo and treating the residue with diethylether.

 

                                   C₈₀H₁₂₃O₃₇N₂  (XVIII : cyclodextrin = 1:1)

                                   C         calc      56.3%             found 56.0%

                                   H         calc      7.2%               found 7.4%

                                   N         calc      1.6%               found 1.5%

 

TLC: R_t value of XIX 0.0; of cylodextrin: 0.62

IR:    Amide bands 1655, 1532

 

Elimination of β-dimethyl-cyclodextrin from compounds XVIII and XIX by the     action of amyloglucosidase:

XVIII and XIX are treated with amyloglucosidase at 40^oC in an incubator and     processed after 48 hrs by adding water, destilling off, washing and drying in vacuo.

The IR spectra of the reaction products obtained from XVIII and XIX indicates the lack of the cyclodextrin component.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plate 10: Synthesizing the “axis-ring” molecular aggregate V: Pathway I

 

Key to Pl 10:

As noted above, the pathway taken here had to be broken off in the last stage, ie the synthesis of V from IV, as the reaction temperature necessary for "closing" the "semi-dumbbell" cyclodextrin inclusion compound caused "decomplexation" of compound IV.

The bis-alkyl ethylene glycol synthesized with Koetzsch, and its mono- and di-adducts with hexachlorocyclopentadiene, are described at (15). The complexations of the monoadducts with β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin and its γ-analogues was carried out as described in the key to Pl 7.

 

 

 

Comparison of properties of "dumbbell" molecule XIX with ring and "dumbbell" XVI without ring (Pl 7):

Solubility in CHCl₃:                   XIX soluble, XVI slightly

HPLC retention times:    XVI greater than XIX

IR spectra (OH valence):            XIX positive, XVI negative

 

Unexpectedly for us, XIX was remarkably stable, even in solutions like ethyl ester acetate, CHCl₃ and methanol/H₂O (HPLC) and only dissociates on  warming in components ring/axis.

 

All the compounds and aggregates dealt with in Pl 7 - 9 were synthesized anew by H-J Hein and M Z Azhar in 1973 - 78 and further secreted by ETHYL Corp of Detroit (preparatory work for producing polymers based on axis-ring molecular aggregates).

 

XIX's HPLC curve has no peak for the ring-free compound XVI, further proof of the former's stability. A mixture of XVI and β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin has no XIX-peak: no complex formation of XVI with cyclodextrin during the  experiment.

 

Analysis of the NMR spectrum indicated the successful enzymatic elimination of β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin from XVIII and XIX. Experiments with XII and XXIV led to corresponding results.

 

¹H-NMR spectroscopic investigations were conducted jointly with Prof Morino into all axis-ring molecular aggregates to test the temperature-dependent interactions of ring and axis, here example from Pl 7:

There is a shift in the NMR signals for the inward-pointing C₃-H-protons of the β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin ring for the "semi-dumbbell" molecule with "ring" [XVIII, Pl 7] compared to the corresponding "semi-dumbbell"      molecule without cyclodextrin [XV]: the C₃-H proton signal of the free ring compound XV spread after transition into the axis-ring complex and shifted downfield.

 

Above all the results [250 MHz, CDCl₃] obtained with a low-temperature NMR spectrum of the cyclodextrin-containing "semi-dumbbell" molecule XVIII were interesting: the mobilty of the "threaded" cyclodextrin is       reduced at lower temperatures - the C₃-H-proton signal downfielding by approx 0.05 ppm at -40^oC, when comparing the NMR spectra of the     cyclodextrin-containing "semi-dumb-bell" molecule at +20 and -40^oC.

 

 

 

Differential Scanning Calorimetry:

DSC - an advanced method of differential thermal analysis - was             particularly well-suited for characterizing the thermal behaviour of type I and II "axis-ring" molecular aggregates (Fig. 2), Dipl-Chem H-J Hein and    M Fereira taking great pains with it in our institute - including for teaching biochemistry (22).

Cyclodextrin-containing "axis-ring" molecular aggregates were compared with a mixture of cyclodextrin and a ring-free component and with a ring-free component alone.

 

 

 

There is a peak above the melting signal of XV for XVIII, the "semi-dumbbell" with cylodextrin (Pl 7), no signal corresponding to XV for it, and only a signal for XV in the 1:1 mix of cyclodextrin and XV. There are no signals for cyclodextrin in the temperature limits up to 220^oC (22). Im Falle der „Halbhantel“ mit Cyclodextrin XVIII (Tafel 7) tritt ein Peak auf, der über dem Schmelzsignal liegt, das XV zeigt; das XV entsprechende Signal tritt im Falle XVIII nicht auf, im Gemisch 1:1 aus Cyclodextrin und XV taucht nur das Signal für XV auf. Cyclodextrin zeigt in den Temperaturgrenzen bis 220°C keine Signale (22).

 

We compared the signal of the cyclodextrin-containing "dumbbell"      molecule XIX (Pl 7) with that of the cyclodextrin-free component XVI. There was a corresponding signal for XIX as well as for XVI, but no longer for XIX's second melting, indicating its decomplexation (22).

 

As noted above, the "axis-ring" molecular aggregates XII and XXIV (Pl 8, 9) were measured by DSC and compared with their 1:1 mixtures as well as with the ring-free components. Here, too, the signals found proved the presence of  genuine  axis-ring compounds, ie the curves correspond to the observations and interpretations made above. A  not genuine  axis-ring molecular aggregate is represented in Fig 4.

 

 

Fig 4:

Model of a theoretically possible, undesired,  not genuine  type III axis-ring molecular aggregate.

 

 

                                   III

 

Key to Fig 4:

Axis-ring aggregate II and its precursor I are explained in Fig 2. We could not    initially preclude the possibility of III being formed instead of II, or indeed of a mix of both. All investigations available to us to date tend to indicate that XIX, XII and XXIV are genuine axis-ring aggregates: (19-24)

 

 

 

II.2      Applications and publishing problems

 

The water solubility of the cyclodextrin-free components was improved considerably by the take-up of cyclodextrin rings in the type I and II "semi-dumbbell" and "dumbbell" molecules (fig 2), so making it possible to give the relatively non-polar ones a marked hydrophilic character, which is   significant for polymer chemistry - appropriately designed axis-ring        molecular aggregates could be polymerized in aqueous solution, without using an organic solvent. It ought to be possible to make "non-polar"     polymers water-soluble by lengthening the "axes" and so increasing the opportunity of taking up more than one cyclodextrin ring.

Being able to couple "active ingedients" to cyclodextrins and later release them enzymically also presents interesting applications in medicine and pharmacy.

All these application claims were already submitted in Dipl Ing O Matter's June 56 patent application (11).

 

The many years of secreting the results (at the request of Ethyl Corp of Detroit, USA) obtained in this field from 1953 to 1964 were connected with these aims. Another reason for not publishing our results immediately was the so-called "university reform" in Berlin, which from 1969 on interrupted work on this project - and a number of   others - for years, already in the run up to the so-called “reform”. In the framework of democratization, the law created a "Central Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics", divided into ten working groups, where there could be no more thought of interdepartmental research work in the fields of biochemistry and organic chemistry. The "opposite of the universitas of a university" was the result, ie narrowly defined working groups arguing about premises and staff. Vacancies were put out to tender and filled after committee resolutions and personnel council decisions, so it was virtually impossible to promote one's own coworkers. Studentrevolts already disrupted all research work several years before the university reform, these "68-ers" preventing our project "axis-ring molecular aggregates" being properly concluded. The years between 1967 and 1975 were by and large lost to continuing the work.

After the long years of forced break, the author resumed investigations in Berlin together with messrs Hein and Azhar, and then also with Prof Morino in Japan. It was planned to use part of the secreted results in M Z Azhar's doctoral thesis and publish them together with Prof Morino in Germany and Japan. Due to Mr Azhar's untimely death, his thesis was unfortunately not completed, so that publication of our experimental data again became   difficult:

 

 

 

 

Mr Azhar had saved most of the preparative and analytical results obtained after resuming work were on disks. They were all[3] were destroyed by his sister, who had come to Berlin from Pakistan for the funeral. It was for the Azhars incomprehensible that "someone who has been taken to a German hospital with a torn miniscus could die of pulmonary embolism". Mr Azhar's fatal "accident" was caused by a drunk passer-by from the former East Germany, who attacked him in the institute. In the ensuing court case, the intoxicated perpetrator received a two-year suspended sentence as "the fatal result was unintended" (press reports).

 

Prof Morino, meanwhile 80 years old, was no great help in the matter,    especially as he had lost his sense of hearing and was no longer able to write articles: cf cit (22, 23).

 

It should not remain unmentioned that some publications have meantime appeared in this field under the title "rotaxane", led by the article by H SCHILL, G ZÖLLENKOPF, Nachr Chem Techn 1967 186; later H OGINO, J Amer chem Soc 103 1304 (1981); D S LAWRENCE, J S MAMKA, J Amer Chem Soc 112 2440 (1990); R S WYLLE, D H McCARTMEY, J Amer Chem Soc 114 3136 (1992); R ISNIN, A E KAIFER J Amer Chem Soc 113 8188 (1991).

 

Prof Dr Lüttringhaus complained in a phone call in Jan 70 that the two first-named authors above had not cited RIEMSCHNEIDER's investigations into axis-ring molecular aggregates (known from lectures) although one of them knew about them, according to one co-worker of Lüttringhaus. Prof Lüttringhaus attributed it to the wretched situation the new university law had brought German science to. Over 700 people working at the Free University of Berlin (FUB) were nominated professors under this law at the end of the 60s. The talk was of August or discount professors who - in the view of Prof Lüttringhaus - "will presumably still burden the state in 2000", as he put it in his call to the author.

Prof Lüttringhaus was aware of our investigations into axis-ring aggregates from 1948 on (9g). The author always kept him informed.        

 

III       APPENDIX

 

III.1    Experimental to Example 1 [Pl 3 (2a, b)]:

 

Hydrogenating  (-)-1-[trans-β-styryl]-1-phenylethinyl-3-peperidino-propan-1-ol to

                           (-)-1(cis-β-styryl)-1-(trans-β-styryl)-3-peperidino-propan-1-ol

 

3.455 g (-)-1-[trans-β-styryl]-1-phenylethinyl-3-peperidino-propan-1-ol are hydrogenated in    50 ml reagent-grade methanol with 1.5 g LINDLAR catalyst until the calculated quantity of H₂ (242 ml at 22^oC/760 torr) is taken up. The filtered-off methanol solution is evaporated in a dark room in vacuo. The remaining oil only partially crystallizes, the oily portion is          seperated off with a little petroleum ether. It alone rotates the level of the polarized light. The (mixed) melting point of the crystalline portion is identical with the body formed on        hydrogenating the inactive carbinol. The oily fraction cis=I=trans showed [α] = -36^oC (c=7; petroleum ether).

 

An oil is formed in like manner from carefully purified (+)-1-[trans-β-styryl]-1-phenylethinyl-3-peperidino-propan-1-ol:

 

                                   

 

 

Combining the two antipodes: If the two optically active oils obtained above are mixed 1:1, the mixture crystallizes after a while. The crystals formed (m p 64^oC) are (per mixed sample) identical with the cis=I=trans obtained by hydrogenation from inactive 1-[trans-β-styryl]-1-phenylethinyl-3-peperidino-propan-1-ol.

The following stereoisomers were synthesized

 

           

 

to check the configuration and constitution of compounds summarized in Tab 6 and Pl 11.

All the compounds described could be returned to the common saturated parent substance from b p 76^oC by hydrogenation:

 

 

 

    

Plate 11:

Hydroderivatives, dehydroderivatives and isomers from cis=I=trans-I (table 6)

 

 

 

UV and IR spectra as well as the change in optical rotation on taking up H₂ upon hydrogentation from (-)-III to (-)-I, and via an intermediate stage on to --/-- were considered further proof:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Steric assignation of the two double bonds: the three isomers of I took the same quantity of H₂ up on hydrogenation and resulted in the same –I– ; the m ps differ considerably;           the UV spectra behaved as expected: fig 4 and 5

 

 

To conclude, a report on the total hydrogenation of active ≡ I= (III) focusing on the rotation:

If the rotation is plotted against the H₂ take-up (Tab 7), a curve is obtained which rises until a take-up of 1 mol H₂ and falls back to zero on taking up a further mol H₂. We had expected that the rotation would only fall back to zero on taking up three mol H₂. We believe an explanation for this early disappearance of the rotation may be that cis =I – and –I = trans with opposite rotations form and exactly compensate each other. The curve speaks for the formation of cis=I=trans (2b).

Angle of rotation dependence on volume of H₂ taken up: 345 mg probes of  in 20 ccm methanal were hydrogenated in 500 mg Lindlar cataylst respectively till taking up 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 ccm H₂, resulting in a maximum rotation of  α = rotation of 345 mg substance in 20 ccm petroleum ether in 2-dm tube.

 

 

 

Table 7: H₂ take-up on total hydrogenation with Pd(OH)₂/BaSO₄

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Halochromic effect: If one of the carbinols with two multiple bonds is dissolved in petroleum ether and sulphuric acid is added to form a lower layer, red to violet colours appear that change to yellow to brown after a while.  

 

 

III.2 Experimental to Example 2 [Pl 4 (3, 4)]

 

One peculiarity in connection with the synthesis of IV was that it was difficult to prepare the monoacid chloride of ethyl-phenyl-malonic acid from m p 58^oC. The last publication on monoacid chloride from dicarboxylic acid, namely the mono-chloride from malonic acid, was published by E Ott in 1909. An extensive series of experiments in very varying         conditions led to the working instructions set out below:

 

Ethyl-phenyl-malonic acid-monochloride:

Pour 90 ml absolute ether over 15 g ethyl-phenyl-malonic acid from m p 161 - 162^oC, add 10.5 g SOCl₂ (molar ratio 1:1.25) and heat for 12 hrs on water bath till simmering. Inspissate the reaction solution in water-jet vac on water bath at 20^oC bath temp and add approx 150 ml low-boiling petroleum ether to the oily residue - after a while 3 g starting product seperate out. Filter solvent, distill off at 20^oC in vac to remove any SOCl₂, take up residue in petroleum ether, treat with active carbon and evaporate the solution to low bulk, store for a while until at 0^oC ethyl-phenyl-malonic acid-monochloride crystallizes out as colourless cubes: mp 58^oC (ie decomposition point), yield 10 g, ie 77% rel to converted         dicarboxylic acid.

 

Classifying the isomeric 4-amino-cyclohexane-carboxylic acids and their acyl derivatives in the cis- or trans series is certain thanks to the investigations of J Houben and A Pfau,     Ber dtsch chem Ges 49 2294 (1916), L Orthner and R Hein (Biochem Z 262 461 (1933),        G Wendt (Chem Ber 75 425 (1942) and E Ferber and H Brückner (Chem Ber 76 1019 (1943).

As the acid saponification in mild conditions of the ethyl ester prepared from the amino acids and their hydrochlorides returned to the respective starting product only, the steric classification can be considered valid for the ethyl esters too.

Spectroscopic investigation of the constitution of the amides prepared confirmed their constitution. Comparison of the IR photos of cis-cis-IV, trans-trans-IV and cis-trans-IV as well as cis-VI and trans-VI shows that the compounds in the cis- and trans-series have the same configuration.

The differing steric alignment of the COOC₂H₅ group in the cis- and trans-forms is evident from the homogenous shifts in the CO valence vibration on cis-trans transition: cis-cis-IV and cis-VI have a strong band at 1186 cm^-1, to be found in the corresponding trans-compounds trans-trans-IV and trans-VI with decreased intensity of 1255 - 1260 cm^-1; as   expected, cis-trans-IV shows both absorptions of the ester groups. In contradistinction to these shifts in absorption, no changes in the maxima of the amide groups are noted (3d).

The conformation of cis-trans-IV is explained in Pl 12:

The isomerism of cis-trans-IV can be attributed exclusively to the e or a position of the COOC₂H₅ group; cf. key to Pl 4.

 

Plate 12:

Explanation of conformation of cis-trans-IV: ethyl-phenyl-malonic acid-cis-(4-carboxy-cyclohexyl)-trans-[4-carboxy-cyclohexyl]-amides

 

Key to Pl 12:

The conformations a₁ and b₁ with equatorial amino groups and axial carbethoxy group, or vice versa, is the consequence for the cis form of VI, whilst both functional groups can be present in equatorial (c₁) or axial (d₁) position in the trans form; PROJ. XIX and IX in (1).

Generally, type a and b or c and d conformations are respectively in equilibrium as "body" and "counterbody", but only a few kcal/mol are needed for reciprocal reaction, so it is impossible to isolate them with conventional chemical methods. These general regularities do not, however, preclude the following electrostatic interactions or particular steric conditions tipping the equilibrium substantially, even towards an unfavoured conformation in the presence of polar groups.

If one now considers the bis-(cis- and trans-4-carbethoxycyclo-hexamide) and the cis-trans-bis-(4-carbehoxycyclohexyl-amide) of ethyl-phenyl-malonic acid, the pendant (as the N-acyl derivative of 4-aminocyclo-hexane-carboxylic acid in cis- and in trans form) has a mainly a₂ and c₂ conformation in which the acylated NH₂ group is the largest substituent in the sterically favoured equatorial position.

 

IV          Bibliography:

 

The list is very detailed to acknowledge the services of numerous colleagues and institutions.

 

(1)          R Riemschneider

Re-reading 66 years of chemistry: 26 projects and over 1400 references (in prep)

Ref here to PROJ II.3: cis-trans Asymmetry (1a, b, c, e) and PROJ II.7: Axis-ring molecular aggregates (1b, c, d, f). Cf also other PROJs

 

(1a)        R Riemschneider

"Degree of asymmetric and optical rotation - "slight" differences in similar              substituents: H-D, H-T, cis-trans, syn-anti, endo-exo"

Ms 1941, 25 p, lecture given in chem colloquium, Dept of Org Chem, Univ of Leipzig on 29 July 41 (coll chaired by Prof Dr B Helferich; present: Profs Drs H Bredereck, C Weygand, F Hein, Kautsky; A Papadopolous [Greece], Enrique Lafosse Benedetti [Peru] inter alia)

 

(1b)        R Riemschneider

"Molecular asymmetry and formulating new stereochemical problems"

Lecture given in frame of colloquium at (German) Army Explosives Research Est in Prague on 15 Mar 43

Ms Feb 43, 22 p

The lecture explained that only two cases of isomerism can be differentiated in stereochemistry:

geometrical and optical. We were particularly interested in the cases where optical and geometrical isomerism coincide, like the so-called cis-trans asymmetry (Fig 1).

The synthesis of type I and II axis-ring molecular aggragates was also dealt with in detail in the 1943 lecture (Fig 2).

The ms and the 29 July 41 lecture (1a) were later expanded to the author's public inaugural lecture ("demonstration lesson") at Friedrich Willhelm Univ of Berlin in the frame of habilitation proceedings to qualify for teaching organic chemistry: proceedings from Oct 46, inaugural lecture on 18 Feb 48; cf (1c).

 

(1c)        R Riemschneider

"Molecular asymmetry"

Lecture given, concluding habilitation proceedings at Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin (meantime renamed Humboldt Univ of Berlin) on 18 Feb 48

The lecture defined cis-trans compounds as having a central atom with four different substituents, of which two are geometrically isomeric (but symmetrically structured). The energetic disparity of  geometrically isomeric substituents could be expected to be sufficient to prove optical activity in this type of compound.

In the discussion after the inaugural lecture questions were raised about realizing such cases of cis-trans isomerism, namely by Prof A Dinghas (Maths) and Prof F Neunhöfer (Org Chem).

It was possible to point out several concrete paths that would lead to "cis-trans-asymmetric"           compounds using some prepared slides.

 

(1d)        R Riemschneider

"Stereochemical consideration on heptites (model experiments) and on axis-ring molecular aggregates"

Lecture given in grand auditorium, Inst of Zool, Free Univ of Berlin on 05 May 50 (panel chair: Profs Drs G Schenck and A Dinghas); cf PROJ II in (1): Tab 9, 10 and ref 222 – 225.

 

(1e)        R Riemschneider (lecturer), O Göhring, H Arnold, E Hausmann, W Stuck

"Pathways to synthesizing cis-trans asymmetric compounds:

"hanger-pendant" principle"

Colloquium lecture II to leading scientists from Montecatini works in Milan on 27 Apr 51 (in Italian)

Ms Jan 51, 29 p

Examples of cis-trans isomeric pendants and description of synthesizing hangers taken into            consideration for a while, such as dihydroxy-pivalic acid and α,α-p-xylylene-diglycine (characterized as α,α-p-xylylene-diglycine-dimethyl ester-dihydrochloride from m p 220^oC).

Cf lectures and exposé from 1943 and 1948 (1 b - d).

 

(1f)        R Riemschneider (lecturer), G Orlick, T Siebenmark

"Pathways to synthesizing axis-ring molecular aggregates"

Lecture given to directors and leading scientists, Montecatini works, Via Turati, Milan on 17 Apr 52 (in English)

Ms Apr 52, 19 p + 6 pl

Present: Prof Dr G Natta, Tech College of Milan [later Nobel laureate for low-pressure polyolefins, together with Prof Dr K Ziegler]; Prof Dr A Coppadoro, director of Milan journal "La Chimica e Industria"; two directors of Montecatini works [two of the "four greats"]; Prof Dr D Marotta, director of Instituto Superiore di Sanità (Higher Inst of Hygiene), Rome and Prof Dr H Alessandrini.

 

(2a)        R Riemschneider, K Brendel

Bull IX: cis-trans asymmetry of 1,1-bis-[β-styryl]-3-piperidino-propane-1-ol

Angew Chem 73 655 - 656 (1961)

 

(2b)        R Riemschneider, K Brendel, J Takei

On cis-trans asymmetry

Bull XII: 1,1-bis-[β-styryl]-3-piperidino-propane-1-ol

Liebigs Ann Chem 665 43 - 54 (1963)

 

(3a)        R Riemschneider, D Kirstein

On cis-trans asymmetry

Bull X: ethyl-pehyl-malonic acid-α-β-bis-(4-carboxy-cyclohexyl-amides)

Z Naturforschg 17b 522 - 524 (1962)

 

(3b)        R Riemschneider, D Kirstein

On cis-trans asymmetry

Bull Xa: Hydrogenating aminobenzoic acid to cis-4-amino-cyclohexane-car-boxylic acid (α form) and trans-4-amino-cyclohexane-carboxylic acid (β form); [α-hydrochloride, m p 217^oC; β-hydrochloride, m p 279^oC]

Ms Jan 61, 8 p (unpublished)

 

(3c)        R Riemschneider, D Kirstein

On cis-trans asymmetry

Bull Xb: ethyl-phenyl-malonic acid-monochloride

Mh Chem 94 419 - 421 (1963); cf III.2

 

(3d)        J T Shimozawa, R Riemschneider, D Kirstein

Stereoisomer asymmetry

Bull Xc: IR spectroscopic examination of the cis-trans isomers from Bull X, Xa and Xb

Ms 1962, 8 p; cf. (1)  PROJ. II. 3

 

(3e)        R Riemschneider, D Kirstein

On cis-trans asymmetry

Bull Xd: ethyl-phenyl-malonic acid-α-β-bis-[4-carboxy-cyclohexyl-amides

Ms 1962, 25 p - with detailed description of experiments + 10 plates and tables; short report cf. (3a) and here III 2: Experimental to Ex. 2, Pl. 4.

 

(4)         R Riemschneider (lecturer), H Kampfer, A Rook, K Brendel, D Kirstein

Bull XIX: "About several cases of cis-trans asymmetry"

Lecture given in colloquium of Central Inst of Chem, Fed Univ of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil on 03 Aug 73 (in Portuguese), based on Bull on cis-trans asymmetry (1, 2b, 3 a - e)

 

(5)         R Riemschneider, H Kampfer

Bull VIII: optical activity of a cis-trans asymmetric compound

Z Naturforschg 16b 704 (1961)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(6)         R Riemschneider, H Kampfer

On cis-trans asymmetry

Bull XI: optical activity of cis-trans-1,3-bis-[α-phenyl-cinnamoyl-amino]-2-methyl-2-n-propyl-propane

Liebigs Ann Chem 665 35 - 42 (1963)

 

(7)         R Riemschneider, A Rook

On cis-trans asymmetry

Bull V: 1-cis-3-trans-bis-[α-phenylcinnamoylamino]-2-phenyl-propane

Naturwiss 48 500 (1961)

 

(8a)        R Riemschneider, A Rook

Bull VI: mono- and diacylation of 1,3-diamino-propane with stereoisomeric acid     chlorides

Mh Chem 92 1197 - 1200 (1961)

 

(8b)        R Riemschneider, A Rook

Bull VII: detecting the optical activity of 1-cis-3-trans-bis-[α-phenylcinnamoyl-amino]-2-phenyl-propane

Mh Chem 92 1227- 1234 (1961)

 

(9)         R Riemschneider

Various lectures on axis-ring molecular aggregates and other stereochemical       problems: (9 a - g)

   (9a)   lecture in Prague on 15 Mar 43, ref (1b)

                 (9b)   lecture in Berlin on 18 Feb 48, ref (1c) and exposé from Oct/Nov  48 (9g)

                 (9c)    lecture in Berlin on 05 May 50, ref (1d)

                 (9d)    lecture in Milan on 17 Apr 52, ref (1f)

(9e)   three-part lecture in São Paulo on 10 Aug 55

       - "Sterically hindered ethers"

       - "Stable reaction partners of high-substituted chair configurations

       - "Axis-ring aggregates"

Ms 1954, 18 p + 8 plates (slides)

hectographed after translation into Portuguese [50 copies]; here Pl 7 - 9; present: Prof Dr José Mariano da Rocha Filho, later rector of Univ of Santa Maria, Brazil (USM > UFSM); Prof Dr R Wasicky, panel chair; Prof Dr J Joachimovicz, later USM > UFSM, as well as several professors of organic chemistry from the Univ of São Paulo, Brazil

 

(9f)      lecture in Santa Maria on 15 July 61

Axis-ring aggregates - no strong bond between axis and ring [Diag 2, here Pl 2 and 7 - 10], given in English at invitation of rector Mariano da Rocha Filho in rector's office, Univ of Santa Maria (USM) (10 - 20).

Confirmation of and thanks for lecture by letter from Ministerio da Educacão Cultura (Min of Cult Educ), Univ of Santa Maria, Reitoria (rectorate), signed by Prof José Mariano da Rocha Filho.

Translated Copy:

 

Prof Dr R Riemschneider

Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany

Bolivarallee 8

 

Dear Professor Riemschneider

We hereby thank you for your lecture "axis-ring aggregates" in the field of stereochemistry, given on 15 July 61. The clear and critical presentation of your results met a very positive auditorium, likewise your introduction into stereochemistry itself.

In view of the subject, we had invited competent guests from the University of Porto Alegre. They welcomed the fact that you only differentiate between two isomers, viz between geometrical and optical and generally classify the so-called asymmetric C atom as "molecular asymmetry". Once again, many thanks and congratulations on your research results.

Yours faithfully

(signed) Jose Mariano da Rocha Filho

Rector, University of Santa Maria

 

 

 

 

 

(9g)        R. Riemschneider (lecturer)

              Exposé about the following subjects

              - “Stereochemical asymmetry”

              - “Sterically hindered ethers”

              - “Stable partners of high substituted chair configurations”

              - “Axis-ring molecular aggregates”

              Oct/Nov 1948, 21 p. (unpublished), round-table talks, Humboldt Univ. Berlin, publication of these features was refrained from on advice from Profs R. Lüttringhaus and colleagues as to keep off competitors.

 

(10)       R Riemschneider (lecturer)

Three-part lecture:

- "Chain-ring aggregates of Type I and II" (Fig 2)

- "Experiments to synthesize chain-ring aggregates based on Tab 7 - 10"

- "How to realize and analyze the prepared aggregates?"

Lecture given in Aug 1959 at round-table talks to scientists of ETHYL Corp, Detroit, USA - chair: director Dr W B Ligett and Dr H Klopfer; based on patent application (11) and experimental data of mss (13 - 16)

 

(11)       R Riemschneider (inventor), O Matter (applicant)

Draft patent: "Synthesis and application of 'axis-ring' molecular aggregates”, applied for at Swiss patent office by Dipl Ing O Matter in June 56, Prof Dr Randolph Reiemschneider named as sole inventor

Patent assigned to ETHYL Corp of Detroit, USA

Main claim: Synthesis of "axis-ring molecular aggregates from cyclodextrin(s) as 'ring'     components that do not enter into a strong chemical bond with the 'axis'. Chains that are closed on one or both side by bulky residues and contain hydrocarbon or gylcolether chains as well as peptide bonds serve as 'axes' for 'threading' cyclodextrin(s) and cyclodextrin derivatives on. Several types of 'axis' are described in the subclaims, eg the compounds in Plates 7 - 10.

Applications claimed:

- increasing water-solubiliy of non-polar compounds for both low- and high-molecular        compounds

- enabling polymerization in aqueous solutions without organic solvents

- connecting active medical ingredients to cyclodextrin rings of "axis-ring aggregates" and later enzymatic liberation

In Aug 56, the text of the patent specification (without claims) was sent to the following befriended Austrian, German and Italian professors: Nobel laureate Prof Dr R Kuhn, Nobel laureate Prof Dr A Butenandt, Prof Dr A Lüttringhaus, Prof Dr Staudinger, Prof Dr W Lautsch, Prof Dr T Wieland, Prof Dr F Weygand, Prof Dr F Wessely, Prof Dr D Marotta, Nobel laureate Prof Dr G Natta as well as to Prof Dr R Wasicky, São Paulo, Brazil.

 

(12)       R Riemschneider, E Schölzel

Revising bibliographical references on the behaviour of cyclodextrins (β, γ) and derivatives as "host" molecules for various "guest" molecules: preliminary work for synthesizing "axis-ring" molecular aggregates,

lab log 1954, 15 p.

Simultaneously working out experiments with inclusion compounds (iodine of starch, iodine-cyclodextrin reaction inter alia) for "basic biochemical practical" at the Free University of  Berlin from 1953 on, above all the sections "carbohydrates" and "inclusion compounds";  hectographed scripts distributed to participants till 1968, then printed as book (four editions by 1987).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(13)       R Riemschneider, M Crivelli

N-(trans-cinnamoyl)-5-amino-valeric acid (XV in Pl 7)

Lab report 1954, 4 p (lab log 1954)

0.1 mol trans-cinnamic acid, 0.1 mol triethylamine in 150 ml tetrahydrofuran are laced with 0.1 mol chloroformic acid ethyl ester with agitation at -20^oC and 0.1 mol 5-amino-valeric acid added after 3 hrs, reprocess after 48 hrs: yellow crystals from m p 121^oC

C₁₄H₁₇NO₃         C   calc.   64,5   %        found    64,1     %

H         7,60  %               7,5     %

N          0,63 %               0,59   %

 

cis-cinnamic acid reacts analogously

 

 

(14)      R Riemschneider, A Küchenmeister, E Schölzel, H Horak

Preparing β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin (I) and experiments: "threading" I onto hydrocarbon and glycolether chains and NH-CO groups containing chains: "semi-dumbbell" models

Lab report 1955, 17 p (secreted)

 

(15)       R Riemschneider, H-J Koetzsch, H D Otto

Preliminary tests into closing "axes" by NH-CO bonds and by forming adducts with hexachlorocyclopentadiene

3 lab reports 1955, 14 p, partially published in

Mh Chem 91 41 - 47 (1960), 90 787 - 791 (1959); cf Oct 58 lab reports [ref (755) in (1)]

 

(16)      R Riemschneider, H-J Hein, A Kühnl, H Helm, H G Kassahn, E B Grabitz, G Koh

Continuing experiments to close "axes" in frame of work on "axis-ring" molecular  aggregates; closures with hexachlorocyclopentadiene, sandwich compounds with COOH group (Fe-, Mn based), aniline derivatives such as 4-phenylaniline,       naphthylamine and substitution products

Lab reports, mostly on other matters, 1957, 24 p, partially included in examples for patent application (11).

 

(17)       R Riemschneider, A Kühnl, G Koh

Further tests on β- and γ-cyclodextrin and several derivatives for suitability as "ring" component(s) for synthesizing "axis-ring" molecular aggregates

Lab report 1958, 11 p (secreted for ETHYL Corp, Detroit)

β-2,6-dimethyl-cyclodextrin and its γ-analogues proved particularly well-suited for being "threaded" on long-chain "semi-dumbbell molecules, closed one side", ie for forming type I inclusion compounds (Fig. 2) (12, 14, 16).

 

(18)       R Riemschneider, W Stuck, O Matter, H Klopfer, A Kühnl, G Koh

Pathways taken to synthesize axis-ring molecular aggregates in stages: Pl 7 - 10

Ms 1957, 28 p [secreted as (17)]

 

(19)       R Riemschneider

Experimental proofs for generation of genuine axis-ring molecular aggragates

-  by ultimate analysis (constant molar ratio of "axis" to "ring")

-  by TLC

-  by IR spectroscopy

-  by slitting the cyclodextrin ring open enzymatically

Ms 1958, 12 p [secreted as (17)]

 

(20)       R Riemschneider, H-J Hein, M Azhar, G Koh, P Wunderlich, M M Faria

Reworking the synthesis of axis-ring molecular aggregates XIX, XII and XXIV realized in 1954 - 58 (Pl 7 - 9; cf Pl 2)

Lab reports 1970 - 80, 52 p: preparations for the following investigations

 

 

 

 

(21)        R Riemschneider, M Azhar, H-J Hein, P Wunderlich

Experimental proofs of the constitution of axis-ring “compounds” in (20)

Lab reports 1970 - 80

 

(22)       H-J Hein, R Riemschneider, P Wunderlich, M Azhar

Investigating the behaviour of axis-ring molecular aggregates (Pl 7 - 9) by differential thermal analysis (DTA), to wit by advanced differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)*

^*MARTI et al. "Angew Chem Thermodynamik und Thermoanalytik", (Experiments suppl 37), Basle, Birkhäuser 1979

Ms 1981, 12 p (on disc)

 

(23)      R Riemschneider, Y Morino, M Azhar

Further proofs of the constitution of type I and II axis-ring molecular aggregates ("semi-dumbbell" and "dumbbell" models), to wit for the compounds IV, XVIII, XIX, XI, XII, XXIII, XXIV in Pl 7 - 9. NMH analyses, thermoanalyses (DSC), continuation of 1953 - 58 investigations from (12) on, discs (Azhar).

 

(24)       Y Morino, R Riemschneider, M Azhar

NMR analyses - continuation of (23)

Lab reports on NMR measurements and evaluations by Prof Dr Y Morino 1980 - 86, saved to discs by M Azhar; original lab reports remained with Azhar (and were destroyed by his sister after his death).    

 

Notes: