Fundamentals and Practices of Sensing Technologies by Dr.
Keiji Taniguchi, Hon. Professor of Xi’ an Dr. Masahiro Ueda, Professor of Faculty of Education and Regional Studies Dr. Ningfeng Zeng, an Engineer of Sysmex Corporation (A Global Medical
Instrument Corporation), Dr. Kazuhiko Ishikawa, Assistant Professor Faculty of Education and
Regional Studies,
[Editor’s Note: This paper is presented as Part III of a series of chapters from the new book “Fundamentals and Practices of Sensing Technologies”; subsequent chapters will be featured in upcoming issues of this Journal.]
1.4 Outlines of GPS 1.4.1 Introduction (1), (21) The Global Positioning System (GPS) developed by the
US Air Force, provides world-widely a three dimensional position In this section, the legacy system is described.
1.4.2 GPS System Configurations (1) Figure 1.42 shows the GPS system configuration. This system consists of three segments : a space segment, a user segment, and a control segment.
The space segment is consists of 24 satellites with 4 satellites in 6 orbit planes, and these satellites broadcast the radio wave frequencies of 1575.92(MHz) in L1 band, and 1227.5(MHz) in L2 band as navigation signals. The control segment consists of a ground based master control station, and five monitor stations for tracking the satellites.
1.4.3 Determination of User Positions (21) A Relationship Satellite and User Figure.1.43 shows the relationship between a satellite and a user on the earth. In this figure, a satellite- to- user vector
The magnitude
where B. Calculation of Equivalent TimeFigure 1.44 shows the relationship between a pseudo range and a geometric range. The geometric range
where we assume that In this figure,
Therefore, Eq. (1.17) can be simplified as follows:
In above equation,
C. Calculation of User Position Only three unknown user position
where . The pseudo range
The unknown user position
We also define the pseudo ranges as follows:
The pseudo range
[
where
(1.23) Substituting Eq.(1.21) and Eq.(1.23) into Eq.(1.22), the pseudo range expressed as follows: Rearranging the above equation,
For simplicity, we put as follows:
then Eq. (1.24) can be described as follows:
Furthermore, a matrix expression of Eq.(1.25) are as follows:
D. Calculation of User Velocity (a) The user velocities can be obtained by calculating the differentiation of Eq.(1.25 ) as follows:
where, we put as follows :
Eq.(1.25 ) is, then, rewritten as follows:
where However, practically, this method is not so accurate for noise problems. (b) Carrier Doppler Phase Shift Method A carrier Doppler phase shift
In the above equation,
where
, The user velocity
1.4.4 Configurations of GPS Transmitter and Receiver (21) A. Configurations of GPS Transmitter Figure 1.46 shows a block diagram
of the GPS transmitter. The satellite frequency A symbol Prior to the QPSK modulation, the 50 bps navigation message data is combined with both the coarse/acquisition code (C/A code) and the precision code (P(Y) code). Figures 1.48 (a),(b),(c) and (d) show the basic configuration of the BPSK Modulator, a carrier waveform, a data signal waveform, and a modulated waveform, respectively. Transmitting signal L1, and L2 of the GPS transmitter are
Fig.1.46 Simplified block diagram of the GPS
Transmitter
【Example 1.15】Figures1.47 (a)
and1.47 (b) show an example of signal waveforms of a Find the waveform of 【Solution】: The waveform
of
【Comment 1.2】Modulations: The following modulators are used in the GPS system. (1) Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulator
(2) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK)Modulator Figure 1.49 shows the configuration of a QPSK modulator. This modulator
consists of two BPSK modulators, and has the following two data signal inputs:
B. Configurations of GPS Receiver Figure 1.50 shows a block diagram of the GPS receiver. The GPS receiver consists of five principal components: an antenna, a receiver, an integration processor, a control and display units, and a power supply. The user receiver determines at least pseudo ranges, and also determines pseudo range rates by the Doppler measurements of its own- clock frequency. Figure 1.51 shows a block diagram of a vehicle navigation receiver. The vehicle navigation receiver has auxiliary sensors for an integrated processor as shown in Fig.1.51, and then can calculate the optimized user position. The digital road map is also used for looking-up the nearest street address.
1.4.5 Differential GPS Systems (21) The Differential GPS (DGPS) is used for improving the positioning and timing performance of GPS user by means of one or more reference stations whose positions are precisely known. Figure 1.52 shows a differential GPS system configuration.
These systems can eliminate some of errors containing commonly in the user and the reference station. These errors are satellite clock errors, satellite position errors, tropospheric errors, and ionospheric errors.
1.4.6 Other navigation systems (21) There exist other navigation systems except the GPS: A. European Union Gallileo Satellite System The Gallileo Satellite System (GSS) is developing by the European Union (EU). This system consists of 30 satellites in 23222 (Km) orbits. These satellites are usually broadcasting ranging codes and navigation data on L5-E5 (1164-1214MHz), E6 (1260-1300MHz), and E2-L1-E1 (1559-1591MHz) bands, and are fully compatible with the GPS system. B. Russian Global Navigation Satellite System The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) is consists of 24 satellites in 19100(Km) orbits. These satellites are usually broadcasting same ranging code and navigation data in different frequencies on two frequency bands: 1246-1257 (MHz), and 1602-1616 (MHz), using a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) method. C. Chinese Bei Dou Navigation SystemThis is the Chinese multistage satellite navigation program designed to Chinese military and civil users. D. Japanese QZSS Program This program is to intend the navigation services to address shortfalls in GPS satellite visibility in urban canyons and mountainous terrain.
1.5 Outlines of RFID Tags 1.5.1 Introduction (22) A RFID (Radio Frequency IDetification) system consists of readers (interrogators) and tags(transponders). A reader communicates with a tag by means of a wireless system and collects information attached in a tag. There are three types of tags from their operating principles: a passive tag, a semi-passive tag, and an active tag. 1.5.2 Coupling of RFID Tags ( 22) In the passive tags, there are coupling techniques of two different types: a near field tag, and a far field tag. 1.5.3 Types of Passive Tags (22) A. Near Field TagFigure 1.53 shows a block diagram of the near field tag system. The frequencies commonly used in this system are 128(KHz), and 13.56(MHz). A disadvantage of this system is that a large antenna coil is required. The distance where
B. Far Field TagFigure 1.54 shows a block diagram of the far field tag system. The operation frequencies used in this system are 860-960(MHz), or 2.45(GHz) in the UHF band. The antenna of this
reader (interrogator) is usually designed to the length of The distance
where
1.5.4 Near and Far Fields of radio waves (23 ),(24), (25) For designing smaller sizes of tags, some knowledge of antenna pattern is the most important key points. So we will show here these outlines.A. Electric and Magnetic Fields Intensities (a) Electric Source Case An infinitesimal electric dipole antenna ( In Fig.1.55, the
where Furthermore, the The The
(b) Magnetic Source Case Figure 1.56 shows an
infinitesimal magnetic dipole antenna. The
components,
where The The
【Example 1. 16】 In Fig.1.56, find the angle antennas vanishes. 【Solution】 From this figure, and Eq. (1.36), we get the following equations:
From these equations,
B. Boundary between Near Field and Far Field InFigs.1.53 and 1.54, when the angle between the transponder antenna and the tag antenna equals to the ninety degree, we get the following equations:
From these equations, the distance where the induction field equals to the radiation field, is expressed as follows:
C. Numerical Examples of Boundary between Near Field and Far Field Table1.2 shows several numerical examples of the boundary between the near field and the far field intensities calculated by using Eq.(1.37).
1.5.5 Far Field Tags (25 ) , (26), (27) A. Examples of UHF Tags
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B. Approved Frequency rangesTable 1. 3 shows the approved frequency ranges where the printers (transponders) are certified(See www.paxar.com).
1.5.6 Application Examples of Tags (22) ,(27)Applications of tags are as follows: supply chain, access control, transport payment, E-pass ports, automotive security, livestock ID, automated libraries, health care, detecting and locating buried unexploded ordnance (25) , etc,.
【References】 (1)D. Christiansen : Electronics Engineers’ Handbook, 4th Edition, pp.13.1-13.50 IEEE Press (1997) (2) K. Taniguchi, H. Ozaki: A New Detecting Circuit for Microcell Counters, Electronics and Communications in Japan,Vol.53-C,No.6, pp.386-392(1970) (3) K. Taniguchi, H. Ozaki: Automatic Microcell Analyzer, Electronics and
Communications in (4)K.H.Schoenbach, R.Nuccitelli, S.J.Beebe: ZAP, IEEE Spectrum,pp.20-24 (August, 2006) (5)K. Fujimoto:Princioles of Measurement in Hematology Analyzers manufactured by Sysmex Corporation,pp43-60,Sysmex Journal,Vol.22,No1,(Spring, 1999) (6)Overview of Automated Hematology analyzer XE-2100TM,Product Development Division, Sysmex Corporation. pp76-84,Sysmex Journal,Vol.22,No1,(Spring, 1999) (7)H. Ozaki, K.Taniguchi : Sensors and Signal Processing(2nd Edition),p.34, Kyoritsu Pub. Co. Ltd. (1988), (In Japanese) (8)K. Taniguchi, H. wakamatsu : Medical Electronics and Biomedical Information, pp.140-141,Kyoritsu Pub. Co. Ltd. (1996), (In Japanese) (9)Y. Horiike, Y.Miyahara: Bio-chips and Bio-sensors, pp.83-84, Kyoritsu Pub. Co. Ltd. (2006) , (In Japanese)
(10)R. C. Dorf : Electrical Engineering Hand Book, pp.1158-1159,CRC Press (1993) (11) B.P.Lathi: Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems -third edition,pp.81-98,Oxford University Press (1998) (12) A.V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer: Discrete-Time Signal Processing, pp.114-115, Prentice Hall (1989) (13) J.A.Cook,D.McNamara,K.V.Prasad:Control, Computing and Communications: Technologies for the Twenty-First Century Model T, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.95, No.2, pp.334-355 (2007) (14) J.Rosen, B. Hannaford : DOC at a DISTANCE, IEEE Spectrum,pp.28-33 (Oct.,2006) (15) O.Brand: Microsensor Integration Into Systems-on-Chip, Proceedings of the IEEE , Vol.94, No.6, pp.1160-1176 (2006) (16) Datasheet, ADXL-203, Analog Devices, (17)Overview of Automated Hematology analyzer SF-3000TM,Product Development Division, Sysmex Corporation, Sysmex Journal,Vol.18, pp.11-22(1995) (18)N.Tatumi,I.Tsuda,T.Takubo,T.Katagami,T.Fukuda and H.Kubota: Evaluation of the automated Hematology Analyzer SF-3000TM, Sysmex Journal,Vol.19, NO.1, pp.76-83 (Spring1996) (19)M. Kondo : Radio Wave Information Engineering, pp.75-80,Kyoritsu Pub. Co. Ltd.(1999) (20) R.Cravotta: Making vehicles safer by making them smarter, EDN 6, pp.49-57 (2006) (21) E.D.Kaplan, C.J.Hegarty : Understanding GPS : Principles and Applications - 2nd Edition, Artech House (2006) (22) V. Chawla and D. S. Ha : An Overview of Passive RFID,IEEE Applications and Practice, Vol.45,No.9,(Sept. 2007) (23) Kazimierz Siwiak: Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications,2nd Edition, pp.7-24, Artech House (1998) (24) K. Taniguchi : Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation.pp.76-82,Kyoritsu Pub. Co. Ltd.(2006) ,(In Japanese) (25) G. Marrocco :The Art of UHF RFID Antenna Design: Impedance Matching and Size Reduction Techniques, IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine,Vol.50, No1,pp.66-79(Feb.2008) (26) www.paxar.com (Bar Code and RFID Smart Labels & Tags)
(27)K. A. Shubert, R.J. Davis, T.J. Barnum, and B.D. Balaban: RFID Tags to Aid Detection of Buried Unexploded Ordnance, IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine,Vol.50,No5,pp.13-24(Oct..2008) (28)K. Taniguchi, M. Ueda, K. Ishikawa : Practical Sensing Technologies, Kyoritsu Pub. Co. Ltd.(2008) ,(In Japanese)
1.1 Find the inverse Fourier transform 【Solution】: Let 1.2 An
actual analog to digital conversion can not be
executed instantaneously, For this reason, an actual high precision
analog to digital (A/D) converter includes a sample and hold (S/H) circuit as
shown in Fig. 1.58. In this figure, the
relationship between
Fig. 1.58 Configuration of an A/D converter including a
S/H circuit
In these two figures, determine 【Solution】: (1) (2) where
1.3 Derive Eq.(1.8). 【Solution】: (i) If transmitting power (ii) The power is actually radiated from a beam
antenna with gain
(iii) The object with the radar cross section
(iv) A power density at the location of the transmitting antenna is expressed as follows:
(v) The receiving power is expressed as follows:
where
(vi) The relationship between where (vii) Using the results described above, the receiving power
1.4 Find the Fourier transform of 【Solution】: (1) The inverse Fourier transform of
Therefore
(2)Using the Euler’s formula, (3)From the result described above, we obtain
As
described above, the spectrum of
1.5 Find the Fourier transform
【Solution】:
1.6 Derive Eq.(1.35). 【Solution】: (A) Cartesian Coordinate System: The vector potential A using the Cartesian coordinate system, is expressed as follows:
where
In the case of Fig.1.55, the vector potential is expressed
as: where (B) Spherical Coordinate System: The vector potential A using the spherical coordinate system, is expressed as follows:
where The relationships between the Cartesian coordinate system and the spherical coordinate system are given as follows:
(C) Vector Product: In the spherical coordinate system, the vector product ∇×A
(4)
(D) Calculation of Magnetic Fields: The relationship between the magnetic field is expressed as follows:
(6) (5) From the above equations, we can obtain the following equation:
From the above equation, the (1) (2)
(9) where
(G) Calculation of Electric Fields: The relationship between the electric field
(10) (11) From the above equations, we can obtain the following relations:
, From the above equations, the
(14) (13)
(15)
where
(H) Components of Electric Fields: From Eq. (14), the three electric field components are expressed as follows:.
(2) Induction
electric field : (3) Radiation electric field
:
1.7 Derive Eq.(1.36). 【Solution】: (A) Transforming Current Source into Magnetic Source: Table 1 shows the relationship between the current source and the magnetic source. There are the duality between them.
Table 1 Transforming current source into magnetic
source
(B) Component of Magnetic Fields: (1) By transforming Eq.(1.35 ),we get the following relations:
where (2) By transforming Eq.(1.35 ),we get the following relations:
(C) Component of Electric Fields: By transforming Eq.(1.35 ),we get the following relations: where
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